Home - Support Center - FAQs

FAQs

SPR for Antibody Affinity — Principles, Key Parameters, and Data Interpretation?

Guide to SPR (surface plasmon resonance) for antibody affinity measurement: how the technology works (label-free, real-time), key kinetic parameters (ka, kd, KD) with units and interpretation, how to read a sensorgram (association, equilibrium, dissociation, regeneration phases), and when SPR should be used in antibody development (lead selection, humanization QC, epitope competition, bispecific characterization).
Antibody Isotyping Guide — IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM: What Do They Mean??

Guide to antibody isotyping: what it is, mouse IgG subclass comparison (IgG1/IgG2a/IgG2b/IgG3/IgM) with ADCC, CDC, and Protein A binding properties, isotyping methods (ELISA, lateral flow, mass spectrometry), and why isotype matters for purification, secondary antibody selection, and in vivo effector function.
What Is an Anti-Drug Antibody (ADA)? Immunogenicity Assessment Explained?

anti-drug antibody, ADA, immunogenicity assessment, bridging ELISA, neutralizing antibody, NAb assay, biotherapeutic, PK/ADA, drug tolerance, AtaGenix
Endotoxin in Recombinant Proteins — Why It Matters and How to Control It?

Guide to endotoxin (LPS) contamination in recombinant proteins: why it matters (confounds cell assays, causes in vivo toxicity, creates false positives), acceptable levels (<0.1 EU/mL for in vivo grade, <1 EU/mg for cell-based), LAL assay measurement, and removal methods (Polymyxin B affinity, Triton X-114 phase separation, anion exchange). Eukaryotic expression avoids the problem entirely.
ELISA Assay Types Explained — Direct, Indirect, Sandwich, Competitive?

Guide to the four main ELISA formats: direct (fastest, low sensitivity), indirect (titer screening, signal amplification), sandwich (highest specificity, quantitative biomarker measurement), and competitive (small molecules, haptens). Includes comparison table with pros/cons/best use, decision framework for format selection, and matched antibody pair requirements for sandwich ELISA development.
Glycosylation in Recombinant Proteins — Why It Matters for Function and Stability?

Guide to protein glycosylation: types (N-linked at Asn-X-Ser/Thr, O-linked at Ser/Thr), functional impact (folding, stability, serum half-life, antibody ADCC, immunogenicity), and how expression system determines glycan profile (E. coli = none, yeast = high-mannose, insect = paucimannose, CHO/HEK293 = complex human-like). Critical quality attribute for therapeutic biologics.
Stable Cell Line Development: CHO-K1, DG44, GS/MSX — Selection System Comparison?

stable cell line development, CHO cell line, CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, GS MSX selection, DHFR MTX amplification, G418 neomycin, monoclonality, Research Cell Bank, AtaGenix
Inclusion Body Refolding — When to Refold and How to Optimize?

Guide to inclusion body refolding in E. coli expression: why inclusion bodies form, when to refold vs. pursue soluble expression, standard workflow (isolation → solubilization → refolding → polishing), and the most common reasons refolding fails (concentration too high, wrong redox, fast denaturant removal, missing cofactors). Practical optimization strategies included.
Phospho-Specific Antibody Development — Design, Validation, and Common Pitfalls?

Guide to phospho-specific antibody development: phospho-peptide design (10–15 aa with flanking residues), KLH conjugation and rabbit immunization, negative selection against non-phospho peptide, and multi-application validation (WB with phosphatase controls, dot blot, IP, IHC). Common pitfalls include poor peptide design, insufficient negative selection, homolog cross-reactivity, and inadequate validation controls.
What Is Antibody Humanization? Methods, Benefits, and Service Options?

antibody humanization, CDR grafting, framework engineering, chimeric antibody, resurfacing, SDR grafting, immunogenicity reduction, therapeutic antibody, AtaGenix

Support Center

Messages